Solid oral film dosage forms and methods for making same

ABSTRACT

Oral film dosage forms that provide improved solubilization and stabilization of an active ingredient in particle form include at least one primary crystallization inhibitor in an amount that inhibits growth and/or agglomeration of the active ingredient, a polyoxyethylated fatty acid glycerides in an amount that further enhances inhibition of crystallization, growth and agglomeration of the particles of the pharmaceutically active ingredient; and at least one plasticizer present in an amount that is effective to increase flexibility and elasticity of the film dosage form.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 15/426,149, filed Feb. 7, 2017, which is a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 12/963,132, filed Dec. 8, 2010, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. Section 119(e) of provisional Application No. 61/267,626, filed Dec. 8, 2009, and which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates to solid oral pharmaceutical film dosage forms and more particularly to buccal and/or sublingual oral dosage forms comprised of at least one pharmaceutically active ingredient present as a stabilized plurality of particles.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

An oral film is a solid oral dosage form containing at least one water soluble polymer in combination with other acceptable ingredients and can provide therapeutic, nutritional and/or cosmetic effects. The polymeric matrix carrying the pharmaceutical, nutritional and/or cosmetic ingredient(s) is molded in a thin layer of variable area and shape. In contrast to conventional oral dosage forms, the administration of an oral film does not require water. A preferred site of administration is the buccal cavity. The solid oral dosage film can be placed on the tongue, on the cheek pouch, under the tongue or in the inner labial mucosa. The film is designed to deliver a drug in a manner that facilitates absorption of the drug. Oral film technology may be the preferred solid dosage option when aiming for a rapid onset of action and avoidance of the ‘first-pass effect’ (hepatic metabolism). It can also be used when compliance of the patient is an issue and/or concern. Pediatric and geriatric patients, or those with swallowing issues, will benefit the most through the use of orally disintegrating film technology, and oral film dosage forms will be of particular convenience when a discrete administration is preferred.

The pharmaceutically employed oral film is formulated to exhibit instant hydration followed by a rapid dissolution/disintegration upon administration into the oral cavity. Upon administration and dissolution, the patient will not feel any discomfort during and/or immediately after its dissolution. The disintegration time can be varied through the suitable adjustment of the composition and physical properties of the matrix. Film forming polymers of common pharmaceutical use are water-soluble or water dispersible polymers that conform to the required properties, including, but not limited to, film instant hydration potential, mucoadhesion and solubility over time. Examples of film forming polymers include cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, starches, polyacrylates, gums (xanthane gum, arabic gum, guar gum, etc.) and/or mixtures thereof. Film forming polymers may be used in combinations chosen based on the desired characteristics of the delivery form (e.g., rapid disintegration, higher mucoadhesion, longer residence time, etc.).

There are many major difficulties and challenges associated with the manufacture of oral film dosage forms ranging from brittleness, tackiness, the hygroscopic nature and potential lack of homogeneity within the dosage form. Ideal physical characteristics of the oral film include dosage uniformity throughout, adequate flexibility and tensile strength to facilitate processing, handling, and packaging of the film in a consumer-friendly form. Attaining ideal conditions for one characteristic usually comes at the expense of other, often equally important, properties, resulting in a necessary compromise in various properties to achieve a working film dosage form. Therefore, the main challenges and obstacles encountered when using oral film technology as a pharmaceutical delivery vehicle are due to the very properties upon which oral film technology is based. For example, challenges are encountered when attempting to provide an oral dosage as a film exhibiting a high content of liquid ingredients (0-35% wt/wt), and high drug loading in a matrix which is formulated as a very thin (under 80 micron) and continuous, yet flexible film layer.

An important requirement of modern drug delivery technology is the formulation of a delivery system that is capable of achieving a desirable release profile for the ever-increasing number of active pharmaceutical ingredients with limited to poor water solubility. Tadalafil for instance is practically insoluble in water. There are many conventional approaches for increasing the degree of solubilization of poorly soluble drugs including formation of ionizable molecules, pH adjustment and the development of co-solvent systems. However, these approaches can often be inadequate or inappropriate due to potential stability concerns. Particle size reduction has been a non-specific formulation approach that can be applied to almost any drug to enhance solubility. Due to greatly enhanced surface area obtained in this way, the dissolution rate and the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs are expected to increase. After the solid dispersion is exposed to aqueous media and the carrier is dissolved, the drug is released as very fine, colloidal particles which can dissolve and be absorbed more rapidly than larger particles.

The increase in surface area results in a significant increase in surface energy leading to greater solubilization. However, the increase in surface energy is thermodynamically unfavorable and reagglomeration or crystallization/recrystallization of the particles is thermodynamically preferred resulting in a loss in the solubility of the material due to particle growth, and leading to decreased bioavailability. A preferred mechanism of stabilization of the reduced particles, for solid dosage forms, is physical stabilization of the particles through the dispersion of the particles on suitable polymers such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose. This approach is often inadequate and leads to agglomeration and/or crystallization/recrystallization over time.

The key determinate properties in making an oral dosage film are the very particular features that facilitate the aggregation and/or crystallization to occur in an oral film relative to a classical solid dispersion (e.g. granulation, pellets, etc.). As discussed above, various technical approaches have been used to create solid solutions of a drug and to limit its reagglomeration or crystallization while increasing its bioavailability. Typically, the final product can have the shape of granules, pellets, or free flowing powder, and can subsequently be tableted or encapsulated. In the final product, the amount of water or any liquid ingredient in a solid oral dosage form is typically less than 5%. The active ingredient is finely dispersed (sometimes down to a molecular level size) and is in very close contact with large polymers that physically limit reagglomeration of the active ingredient. However, these techniques are not suitable for the production of oral films characterized by a physical continuity of the matrix and a high level of liquid ingredients necessary to impart flexibility and tensile strength to the film. The resulting chemical environment allows the drug molecules a certain freedom to move and aggregate at a greater rate relative to other types of solid oral dosage forms. Reducing the amount of ingredients that impart flexibility to the oral film is undesirable, as it would result in a rigid matrix with reduced tensile strength and that is difficult to manufacture on a large scale. The recrystallization, agglomeration and/or aggregation phenomena must be avoided to maintain high drug bioavailability and to prevent an undesirable change in the physical characteristics of the film (strength, appearance, homogeneity, stability, etc).

A homogenous and stable distribution of the drug in the film matrix is of primary concern when developing an oral film for buccal delivery of a pharmaceutically active ingredient. Any increase in particle size due to aggregation and/or crystallization of the particles must be avoided to enhance transmucosal absorption and to limit the gastrointestinal absorption upon disintegration of the dosage form. It is well known that within the buccal cavity the amount of biological fluids (saliva) available for the solubilization of a drug is very limited as compared with the gastrointestinal fluids. Therefore, any process promoting faster dissolution of the active ingredient is generally desirable, but increases the need for maintaining stability of the pharmaceutically active ingredient. In particular, stabilization of the reduced particle size is needed to facilitate effective transmucosal absorption. If the active ingredient were to agglomerate or to crystallize within the dosage form, its solubility will, correspondingly, decrease and will result in the active ingredient being swallowed with the saliva.

Another characteristic in determining the resistance of the drug to reagglomeration within films is the extremely thin physical continuity of the matrix which provides minimal physical resistance to particle migration, and makes it difficult to prevent reagglomeration of the pharmaceutically active ingredient. Further concern arising from conventional techniques is the increase in the susceptibility of the active to degradation due to the increase in available surface area.

The prior art does not fully address the difficulty associated with preparing a pharmaceutical oral film capable of delivering a film dosage form with stabilized increased solubility and enhanced bioavailability while maintaining essential film characteristics of the invention).

As mentioned above, tadalafil is practically insoluble in water, hence the difficulty in preparing oral film dosage form containing tadalafil API. Contrary to the manufacturing of tadalafil solid tablet dosage forms which do not require dissolution of tadalafil, oral film dosage forms require solubilizing of the API whether during the manufacturing of the film, once administered or both. Since tadalafil is particularly insoluble in water and only soluble in organic solvents that are not suitable for oral film dosage form (ex. DMSO, DMF), tadalafil oral film dosage form are not addressed by the prior art.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The solid dosage form described is an oral film for delivery of pharmaceutical, nutraceutical or cosmetic ingredients, with buccal delivery preferred. The film can possess an instant hydration potential, rapid dissolution and a stabilized increased water solubility of the active ingredient, thereby delivering the active ingredient available for immediate enhanced local absorption and consequently limiting loss or absorption later in the gastrointestinal route. The disclosure provides, among other things, improved delivery systems for solubilizing and stabilizing a plurality of pharmaceutically active ingredient particles in an effective particle size range that exhibit enhanced chemical stability, pharmaceutical formulations exhibiting improved bioavailability and/or absorption of pharmaceutically active ingredients when administered, and/or dosage forms for administration of pharmaceutically active ingredients achieved by the use of a combination of crystallization inhibitors, which together can maintain the active ingredient in a molecular dispersion within the polymeric film matrix.

Disclosed is an oral film dosage form that maintains a plurality of active ingredient particles in an effective particle size range to maintain reduced structural order, and/or improve solubility and bioavailability of the active ingredient. The oral film dosage form comprises at least one active pharmaceutical ingredient in the form of particles and capable of existing in amorphous and crystalline forms, at least one primary crystallization inhibitor present in an amount that inhibits growth and/or agglomeration of the particles of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, polyoxyethylated fatty acid glycerides in an amount that further enhances inhibition of crystallization, growth and agglomeration of the amorphous particles of the pharmaceutically active ingredient, and at least one plasticizer present in an amount that is effective to increase flexibility and elasticity of the film dosage form.

Also disclosed is an oral film dosage form demonstrating a solubilization profile of at least one active ingredient resulting from the combination of two or more distinct, effectively stabilized, particle size ranges. The oral film dosage comprises at least one primary crystallization inhibitor present in an amount that inhibits growth and/or agglomeration of the particles of the pharmaceutically active ingredient, at least one liquid crystallization inhibitor present in an amount that enhances inhibition of crystallization and/or agglomeration of the particles of the pharmaceutically active ingredient and at least one plasticizer present in an amount that is effective to increase flexibility and elasticity of the film dosage form, wherein said active pharmaceutical ingredient is tadalafil and wherein said one liquid crystallization inhibitor is polyoxyethylated fatty acid glycerides.

Also disclosed is an oral film formulation comprising tadalafil active ingredient in the form of amorphous particle, at least one primary crystallization inhibitor present in an amount that inhibits growth and/or agglomeration of the particles of the pharmaceutically active ingredient, at least one liquid crystallization inhibitor present in an amount that enhances inhibition of crystallization and/or agglomeration of the particles of the pharmaceutically active ingredient and at least one plasticizer present in an amount that is effective to increase flexibility and elasticity of the film dosage form, wherein at least 70% of the oral film is dissolved within 300 seconds in USP dissolution apparatus 2 mesh (paddle over disk, 56 mm disk, 40 mesh) with 1000 mL 0.05% sodium lauryl sulfate at 50 rpm and 37° C., wherein the weight ratio of the tadalafil active ingredient and the liquid crystallization inhibitor is between 2:1 and about 1:2.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph showing tadalafil and oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides oral film dissolution profiles in 1000 mL 0.5% sls at 50 rpm.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS

The disclosure is generally directed to improved pharmaceutical oral dosage forms comprising at least one pharmaceutically active ingredient, a primary polymeric crystallization inhibitor, at least one liquid crystallization inhibitor, at least one plasticizer and optionally including at least one penetration enhancing substance, surfactant, sweetening agent, flavor, flavor enhancer, antioxidant, starch, and/or colorant, that provide improved characteristics such as those relating to disintegration, and drug absorption.

Unless otherwise noted, terms in this specification are intended to have their ordinary meaning in the relevant art.

The preferred embodiment of the invention includes the delivery of a wide range of pharmaceutically active ingredients within an oral film dosage form demonstrating a plurality of active ingredient particles within a desired size range. The particle size is synergistically stabilized by at least one primary crystallization inhibitor and at least one liquid crystallization inhibitor, where the combination of the stabilization effect of each inhibitor on particle growth is greater than the sum of their individual stabilizing effects in the solid oral film dosage forms.

The term “liquid crystallization inhibitor” refers to any substance that exists in a liquid state at a temperature of about 37° C. (i.e., normal human body temperature) and that in combination with the primary crystallization inhibitor or inhibitors enhances the prevention and/or reduction of the rate of crystallization and/or agglomeration of the active substance or inhibits the growth of structural order (e.g., crystallization) of the active(s) in the film matrix over time and is mixable and/or compatible with the other excipients forming the film blend. The liquid crystallization inhibitor is present in the formulation in an amount that is effective for enhancing the prevention and/or reduction of crystallization and/or agglomeration of the active ingredient, and generally ranges from about 1% to 19% of the mass of the film dosage form. Certain non-limiting examples of liquid crystallization inhibitors that can optionally be used in the disclosed oral film dosage forms include polyethylene glycols, polyoxyl glycerides, propylene glycol esters, diethylene glycol esters, glyceryl esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, ethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenols, polyethylene glycol glycerol fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers, polyoxyethylene glycerides, polyoxyethylene sterols, polyoxyethylene vegetable oils, and polyoxyethylene hydrogenated vegetable oils. A required liquid crystallization inhibitor can be selected from polyoxyethylated fatty acid glycerides.

The polyoxyethylated fatty acid glycerides used as liquid crystallization inhibitors in the disclosed oral film dosage forms are comprised of mixtures of mono-, di- and tri-fatty acid esters of glycerol, and mono- and di-fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. Polyoxyethylated fatty acid glycerides can be prepared by esterification of glycerol and polyethylene glycol with fatty acids. The polyethylene glycol used can have an average of 6 ethylene oxide units (e.g., PEG-6, also referred to as MACROGOL-6). The fatty acids that can be used include, for example, oleic acid, lauric acid and lionleic acid. A specific example of a suitable mixture of polyoxyethylated fatty acid glycerides is oleoyl polyoxy-6 glycerides (also known as oleoyl macrogol-6 glycerides and PEG-6 glyceryl oleates), which is a mixture of mono-, di- and tri-oleic acid esters of glycerol and mono- and di-oleic acid esters of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6). Oleoyl polyoxy-6 glycerides also referred to as Apricot kernel oil PEG-6 esters are commercially available as Labrafil® M 1944 CS (Gattefossé Corporation, Paramus, N.J.). Another example of a suitable mixture of polyoxyethylated fatty acid glycerides that can be used as a liquid crystallization inhibitor in the disclosed oral film dosage forms is linoleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (also known as lineoleoyl macrogol-6 glycerides and PEG-6 glyceryl linoleates), which is a mixture of mono-, di- and tri-linoleic acid esters of glycerol and mono- and di-linoleic acid esters of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6). Linoleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides are commercially available as Labrafil® M2125 CS (Gattefossé Corporation, Paramus, N.J.). Another example of a mixture of polyoxyethylated fatty acid glycerides that may be useful in the disclosed oral film dosage forms is lauroyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (also known as lauroyl macrogol-6 glycerides and PEG-6 glyceryl laurates), which is a mixture of mono-, di- and tri-lauric acid esters of glycerol and mono- and di-lauric acid esters of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6). Lauroyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides are commercially available as Labrafil® M2130 CS (Gattefossé Corporation, Paramus, N.J.). Mixtures of any of the foregoing or other polyoxyethylated fatty acid glycerides may be used in the disclosed oral film dosage forms.

The amount of drug that can be incorporated in the film is generally from 0.01% to 50%, with preferred drug loading ranging from 1%-30% of the total weight of the film. Non-limiting examples of the pharmaceutically acceptable active ingredients that may be used in the invention include active ingredients that can exist in both amorphous and crystalline forms, such as hypnotics, sedatives, antiepileptics, awakening agents, psychoneurotropic agents, neuromuscular blocking agents, antispasmodic agents, antihistaminics, antiallergics, antidiarrhetics, cardiotonics, antiarrhythmics, diuretics, hypotensives, vasopressors, antitussive expectorants, thyroid hormones, sexual hormones, antidiabetics, antitumor agents, antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, and narcotics.

The invention further provides, among other things, improved mechanisms to achieve a desired release profile for at least one pharmaceutically active ingredient. While a rapid solubilization of the pharmaceutically active ingredient(s) is preferred, various desired solubilization profiles (i.e. plots of the quantity or quantities of the pharmaceutically active ingredient(s) absorbed by a liquid medium or mediums at particular time points) can be achieved by adjusting the properties of and procedures for producing the film dosage form. For example, the combination of an effectively stabilized particle size range (for example ca. 50-500 nm) exhibiting rapid solubilization, with a separately prepared, distinct, effectively stabilized particle size range (for example ca. 100-900 μm) demonstrating a decreased rate of solubilization of the same active relative to the plurality of particles exhibiting rapid solubilization, produces a dosage form that initially delivers the active rapidly followed by a slower rate of delivery that can be sustained over an effective period of time, preferably, twenty to forty five minutes.

The increase in solubility is due to a combination of an increase in the surface energy of the active particles and the stabilization of such. Factors which contribute to the improved stability of the active include a surprising and unforeseeable ability of the invention to provide extensive physical and/or chemical protection to the active once distributed on a suitable solid oral film.

The term “solid oral dosage form” as used herein refers to a physical form of a predetermined amount of medication that may contain liquid or gaseous matter, but is primarily composed of solid matter having a higher Young's modulus and/or shear modulus than liquids.

The term “primary crystallization inhibitor” as used herein refers to a water soluble or water-dispersible, film-forming substance that is substantially chemically inert in the dosage form and is substantially chemically and biologically inert in the environment of use (e.g., buccal cavity), and has the effect of inhibiting growth and/or agglomeration of particles of a pharmaceutically active ingredient disposed in an oral film dosage form.

By employing suitable primary crystallization inhibitors, the particle growth and/or increase in the structural order of the pharmaceutically or therapeutically active ingredient can be inhibited during administration of the dosage form. Examples of primary crystallization inhibitors include polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide and poloxamer. Film forming polymers that may be combined with the primary crystallization inhibitors include cellulose-derivatives, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and/or mixtures thereof. Other optional polymers include, carbomers, pregelatinized modified starch, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate, polyethylene glycol, natural gums like xanthane gum, tragacantha, guar gum, acacia gum, arabic gum, carboxyvinyl copolymers. Suitable polymers may be employed in an amount ranging between 25% and 85% of the mass of the film dosage form.

The term plasticizer as used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the invention refers generally to a chemical entity that, when present, reduces the glass-transition temperature of amorphous polymers. In particular, the present invention incorporates a plasticizer to impart flexibility, enhance elasticity and decrease brittleness. Preferred plasticizers include triacetin, citrate derivatives (such as triethyl, tributyl, acetyl tributyl, acetyl triethyl, trioctyl, acetyl trioctyl, trihexyl citrate, etc.) and dibutyl sebacate. An amount of plasticizer that may be used is from about 2% to about 25% of the mass of the film dosage form.

The term “stabilized” as used herein refers to inhibition or retardation of changes of volume and/or loss of surface area, and/or increases in structural order of the plurality of active particles. More specifically, in the presence of certain macromolecules or polymers, the material shows an improved lifetime in an optimal particle size range, as characterized by reduced rate of agglomeration, increased structural order, crystallization and/or recrystallization of therapeutically active ingredient, as to demonstrate a desired solubilization profile in a preferred liquid medium.

The term “penetration enhancer” as used herein to describe and claim the invention refers to a substance that can increase buccal permeation of an active ingredient by enabling a transcellular route for transportation of the drug through the buccal epithelium. Certain non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable penetration enhancers include benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, cyclodextrins, dextran sulfate, lauric acid/propylene glycol, menthol, oleic acid, oleic acid derivatives, polyoxyethylene, polysorbates, sodium EDTA, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium salicylate.

The term “surfactant” as used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the invention refers generally to a chemical compound or substance that, when present in an effective amount, reduces the surface tension of a liquid and the interfacial tension between liquids.

Oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides, linoleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides, and lauroyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (commercially available under the common Labrafil® mark) are water dispersible surfactants composed of PEG-esters and a glyceride fraction able to self-emulsify on contact with aqueous media forming a coarse dispersion. They are liquid under room conditions and have hydrophilic lipophilic balance of 9.

According to an embodiment, a preferred liquid crystallization inhibitor is Oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides marketed under the Labrafil® M1944CS name.

An amount of polyoxyethylated fatty acid glycerides that inhibits growth and/or agglomeration of the particles of the active ingredient is from about 5% to about 25% of the mass of the film oral dosage form, or 5% to 22%, or 7% to 20%, or 15% to 19%, or about 18% (e.g., 17.5% to 18.5%).

The invention may be prepared by first dispersing, suspending and/or dissolving at least one therapeutically active ingredient and an optional antioxidant or antioxidants in at least one solvent. One or more liquid crystallization inhibitors are added, together with one or more plasticizers, optionally one or more penetration enhancers and/or one or more optional surfactants. The film forming polymers are added and the mixture is kept under rotation until the film forming polymers have completely dissolved and a homogenous blend has been obtained. Optional ingredients such as flavors, sweetener, taste maskers, antioxidants and colorants can be added at any time. It is preferred that the addition of other non-active ingredients is completed at an appropriate time as to minimize potential segregation, physical-chemical incompatibility or partial dissolution of the film forming polymers.

The final viscosity of the blend affects the film casting potential. Optimal viscosity ranges from 2000 centipoises to 90,000 centipoises. The final blend is transferred onto a surface of a suitable carrier material and dried to form a film. The carrier material must have a suitable surface tension in order to facilitate the homogenous distribution of the polymer solution across the intended coating width, without the formation of a destructive bond between the film and the carrier. Examples of suitable materials include non-siliconized polyethylene terephthalate film, non-siliconized paper, polyethylene-impregnated kraft paper, and non-siliconized polyethylene film. The transfer of the solution onto the carrier material can be performed using any conventional film coating equipment. A suitable coating technique would involve a knife-over-roll coating head. The thickness of the resulting film depends on the concentration of solids in the coating solution and on the gap of the coating head and can vary between 1 and 500 μm. Drying of the film may be carried out in a high-temperature air-bath using a drying oven, drying tunnel, vacuum drier, or any other suitable drying equipment. A desired dry film thickness of about 70 μm is typically targeted to facilitate the administration, drying and processing of the film. However, it is possible to make thinner and thicker films.

The following examples illustrate formulations, oral dosage forms and methods of preparing same in accordance with certain non-limiting aspects of the disclosure. All percentages in the examples are by weight unless otherwise indicated.

Example 1

About 0.1 to about 5 g of a pharmaceutically active ingredient is dissolved in 11-29 ml of ethyl alcohol. To the resulting solution, 0.1 g of aspartame, 1.0 to 2.9 g of menthol/triacetine and 0.1-1.0 g of propylene glycol caprilate are added. Optionally 0.1 to 1 g of polysorbate 80 and 0.1 to 1 g of polyoxyglyceride is added to the mixture. After one hour of stirring at high speed, 4 to 6 g of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and 0.1 to 0.5 g of pregelatinized modified starch are added and the mixture is stirred until homogenous. About 2.0 to 3.0 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose is added to the mixture. The blend is stirred for one hour before adding 0.02-0.08 g of colorant Yellow#6. Mixing is continued until a homogenous polymeric solution is obtained. About 25-35% of the solution is coated onto a suitable cm Tier material, for example non-siliconized, polyethylene-coated kraft paper, using conventional coating/drying equipment. Coating gap and web speed are adjusted to achieve a dry film thickness between 10 and 200 μm. The cast film is dried at a temperature of about 65° C. to achieve a desired effectively stabilized particle size range for immediate solubilization and the web speed is adjusted to completely remove the solvents from the film. The remaining 65-75% of the solution is cast on top of the previous film to achieve a dry film thickness from 40 μm to 60 μm, and dried at a temperature of 25° C. to achieve the desired effectively stabilized particle size range for a reduced rate of solubilization. The resulting film, with an intended average residence time of 30 minutes, is peeled off the carrier web and cut into pieces of a shape and size suitable for the intended use.

Example 2

About 0.3 g of a pharmaceutically active ingredient is dissolved in 2 ml to 15.0 ml of ethyl alcohol and 40 to 56 ml of water. To the solution, 0.08 g of Talin, 0.15 g of aspartame, 2.0 g to 3.5 g of 10% menthol/triethyl citrate, 0.5 g to 1.5 g of polysorbate 80 were added and the resulting mixture is stirred at high speed for 1.5 hours. Optionally, the mixture can include 0.1 to 1.0 g of polyethyleneoxide and/or 0.2 g to 0.5 g of sodium EDTA. From 8.0 g to 10.0 g of polyvinyl pyrrolidone is added and the mixture is stirred for one more hour. From 2.0 g to 4.5 g of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose type E15 was added to the mixture. Optionally 0.5 g to 4.5 g of high molecular weight polyoxyethylene is added and the blend is stirred for one hour before adding 0.04 g of colorant Yellow #6 and 0.5 g of mint oil. Mixing is continued until a homogenous polymeric solution is obtained. The solution is coated onto a suitable carrier material, and dried at 15° C. for a time sufficient to remove the solvent.

Example 3

About 2.8 g of a pharmaceutically active ingredient is dissolved in up to 4.5 ml of ethyl alcohol and from 31 ml to 35 ml of water. To the mixture, 0.5 g of ascorbic acid, 0.5 g of aspartame, 1.5 to 3 g of 14% menthol/triacetine, up to 0.5 g of polysorbate 20, and optionally 0.7 g of propylene glycol caprilate are added and the resulting mixture is stirred at high speed for 1 hour. From 6.0 to 8.0 g of polyvinyl pyrrolidone, 1.0 g to 2.5 g of polyethylene oxide 8000, and 0.2 g of pregelatinized modified starch are added to the mixture and stirred until it is homogenous. 1.0 g to 4.0 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose is added to the mixture. The blend is stirred for 1 hour before adding 0.04 g of colorant Blue#1. Mixing is continued until a homogenous polymeric solution is obtained. The solution is coated onto a suitable carrier material, and dried.

Example 4

From 0.5 g to 0.7 g of two different pharmaceutically active ingredients are dissolved in 1.0 ml to 3.0 ml of acetone and 21 ml of water. To the resulting solution, 0.03 g of sucralose, 1.0 g to 2.0 g of triethyl citrate, 0.3 g of polysorbate 80, 0.5 g to 1.0 g of sodium phosphate dibasic and 0.1 g to 0.9 g of glyceryl mono oleate are added and the resulting mixture is stirred at high speed for 1 hour. From 4.0 g to 7.0 g of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and 0.2 g of pregelatinized modified starch are added and the mixture is stirred until homogenous. 1.0 g to 3.0 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose is added to the mixture. The blend is stirred for 3 hours before adding 0.02 g of colorant Yellow#5 and 0.2 g of vanilla flavor, mixed until homogenous, coated onto a suitable carrier material, and dried.

Example 5

From 1.0 g to 2.0 g of pharmaceutically active ingredient and 0.1 g to 1.0 g of ascorbic acid are partially dissolved in a mixture of 19 ml of water, 4.2 g of 14% menthol/triacetine, and 2.0 g to 3.0 g of glyceryl mono oleate. To the suspension 0.05 g of sucralose is added and the resulting mixture is stirred at high speed for 1 hour. From 3.0 g to 4.0 g of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and 0.1 g of pregelatinized modified starch are added and the resulting mixture is stirred until homogenous. Optionally from 2.0 g to 3.0 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose are added to the mixture. The blend is stirred for 1 hour before adding 0.01 g of colorant Blue #1. Mixing is continued until a homogenous polymeric solution is obtained. The solution is coated onto a suitable carrier material, and dried as described for example 1.

Example 6

A gastro-resistant granule preparation is made by combining a therapeutically active ingredient and a methacrylic polymer in a 2:1 to 1:2 weight to weight ratio, and optionally 1% to 5% of a disintegrant is placed in a jacketed bowl (i.e. mixer bowl) and mixed for homogenization. The jacket temperature is kept at about 65° C., the motor output is maintained at about 101-161 watts, and the mixer and chopper speeds are set to about 1500-1700 rpm. The jacket temperature is maintained at about 10° C. above the melting point range of the granulation liquid, which is obtained by heating a fatty alcohol or a mixture of fatty alcohols to about 55° C.

Optionally, 1% to 10% of one or more surfactants by weight and/or 1% to 5% of disintegrant are added in the molten granulation liquid. The liquefied mixture is slowly added in portions to the preheated mixed powder blend, until the endpoint of the coating process is reached. After cooling down, the particle size of the granulated material is reduced to a dimension compatible with the thickness of the film to be cast. A suitable grinder is used to mill the granulated material. After screening, only the fraction under 0.5 mm is retained to be incorporated in the film blend.

A film blend is prepared by first dissolving one or more film forming polymers in pure water or in a mixture of water and 1% to 10% of organic solvents. The total concentration of polymers may be from about 20% to about 45% of the weight of the solution of which polyvinyl pyrrolidone is between 70% and 100% of the total weight of the polymers. Other ingredients added into the mixture include 2% to 5% of glyceryl mono oleate, 2% to 6% of tri-ethyl citrate, adequate amounts of taste maskers, sweeteners, flavors and colorants. The mixture is stirred until total dissolution of the polymers and homogenization of the ingredients is completed.

The viscosity of the blend is measured. Optimal values are from 30,000 to 45,000 centipoise. To the wet blend is added 1% to 50% w/w of the gastro resistant granules as described above. The resulting suspension is stirring for a minimum time sufficient to obtain a homogenous dispersion of the granules in the wet film blend. The solution is coated onto non-siliconized, polyethylene-coated kraft paper, using conventional coating/drying equipment. Coating gap and web speed is adjusted to achieve a dry film thickness between 100 and 300 μm. The drying temperature is 45-60° C. The resulting film is peeled off the carrier web and cut into pieces of a shape and size suitable for the intended use.

Example 7

From 1.0 g to 2.0 g of pharmaceutically active ingredient is dissolved in an acidified mixture of 10 ml of water, 0.2 g of triacetine and 0.1 g of polyethylene glycol. To the resulting solution, 0.1 g to 1.0 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose and 0.1 g to 2.0 g of a methacrylic acid copolymer demonstrating a pR-dependent solubility are added. The resulting suspension is stirred for 1 hour before adding 0.01 g of colorant Blue#1. The volume of water is adjusted to achieve a 20% solid weight content. Mixing is continued until a homogenous polymeric solution is obtained. The solution is spray dried onto sugar-starch pellets (e.g., SUGLETS®, 250-355 μm in size). To a pre-blended acidified solution containing 0.5 g of ascorbic acid, 0.5 g of aspartame, 1.5 g to 3 g of 14% menthol/triacetine, up to 0.5 g of polysorbate 20, and optionally 0.7 g of propylene glycol and/or 0.5 g caprilate, 6.0 g to 8.0 g of polyvinyl pyrrolidone, 1.0 g to 2.5 g of polyethylene oxide 8000, 0.2 g of pregelatinized modified starch and 0.04 g of colorant Blue#1 added. The spray-dried SUGLETS® pellets are suspended and mixed under high speed for 5-10 seconds or until homogenously distributed within the blend. The solution is coated onto a suitable carrier material 300 and 500 μm, and dried at a temperature of 55-80° C.

Example 8

A formulation was developed for preparing solid oral film dosage forms for buccal and/or sublingual administration of a mixture containing tadalafil involving first the preparation of a tadalafil system that demonstrates increased aqueous solubility of the tadalafil for use in the preparation of the film using an aqueous solvent.

Increased Tadalafil Solubilization Part A.

From 0.5 g to 0.7 g of tadalafil is dispensed in 20.0 ml to 30.0 ml of acetone. To the resulting solution polyvinyl pyrrolidone is added slowly to a vortex at a mass required to precipitate the tadalafil and the polyvinyl pyrrolidone (1.0 to 5.0 g). The resulting precipitate is dried at 40° C. and then milled.

Preparation of Film in an Aqueous System Part B.

In 20-35 mL of water, 0.03 g of sucralose, 1.0 g to 2.0 g of triethyl citrate, 0.3 g of polysorbate 80, 0.5 g to 1.0 g of sodium phosphate dibasic and 0.1 g to 0.9 g of glyceryl mono oleate are added and the resulting mixture is stirred at high speed for 1 hour. Slowly add 4.0 g to 7.0 g of the product produced from part A containing the tadalafil demonstrating increased aqueous solubilization, and 0.2 g of pregelatinized modified starch are added and the mixture is stirred until homogenous. 1.0 g to 3.0 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose is added to the mixture. The blend is stirred for 3 hours before adding 0.02 g of colorant Yellow #5 and 0.2 g of vanilla flavor, mixed until homogenous, coated onto a suitable carrier material, and dried.

Example 9 Dissolution Testing

In the examples the following USP dissolution apparatus II with 1000 mL dissolution vessels and paddle stirrers was used to perform the dissolution testing:

Paddle over disc of 56 mm and mesh #40 system is used

Distek Evolution 6300 Dissolution bath

Heater/Circulator TCS-0200C

Testing was conducted using 1000 mL of 0.5% SLS dissolution media at 37° C. which is effective in discriminating between different formulations.

The materials used for preparation of dissolution media were: sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and water.

RO water from in-house Millipore Milli-Q Advantage AIO water system.

Dissolution results were measured as the mean of 3 to 6 replicates.

In formulations containing tadalafil, tadalafil concentrations were measured using an HPLC Water 2695 separation module and waters 2996 photodiode array (PDA) detector set at an appropriate wavelength. For each drug, the optimal wavelength was selected after running UV scans in the dissolution medium.

For formulations containing tadalafil measured at 50 rpm, the concentrations of the drug were measured by HPLC analysis of samples taken at 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 45 minutes. A final sample was taken at the end of the run after stirring at high speed for at least 20 minutes to achieve the maximum dissolution.

A formulation was developed for preparing solid oral film dosage forms for buccal and/or sublingual administration of a mixture containing tadalafil involving first the preparation of a tadalafil system that demonstrates increased aqueous solubility of the tadalafil for use in the preparation of the film using an aqueous solvent.

This non-limiting Example comprises a formulation based on rapidly dissolving tadalafil oral film as described in the present disclosure and the presence of Labrafil® M1944CS that demonstrates improved tadalafil film dissolution.

Two formulations for tadalafil and Labrafil® M1944CS film were tested. Film A comprises about 7% Labrafil® M1944CS and Film B comprises about 18% Labrafil® M1944CS. The formulation for Film A is shown in Table 1 below while the formulation for Film B is shown in Table 2 below.

TABLE 1 7% Labrafil ® tadalafil oral film formulation Th % Th % Weight Ingredient dry wet (g) Tadalafil 11.58 3.01 0.3 Solvent — 73.98 7.4 Sucralose 0.66 0.17 0.02 Menthol 1.20 0.31 0.03 Magnasweet 0.61 0.16 0.02 PVP 46.0 11.97 1.2 Labrafil M1944CS 7.07 1.84 0.18 Klucel LF (HPC) 11.53 3.00 0.3 PEG 18.60 4.84 0.48 Klucel GXF 2.76 0.72 0.07 Total dry 100.0 Total wet 100.0 10.0

To 7.14 g of solvent, oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (Labrafil®) 0.18 g, sucralose 0.02 g, menthol 0.03 g, magnasweet 0.02 g and PEG 0.48 g are added and mixed until all ingredients are solubilized. About 0.3 g of a pharmaceutically active ingredient is added to the solubilized materials. To the resulting solution, the polymers HPC LF 0.3 g and GXF 0.07 g are added to the mixture and mixed for 4 hours. The solution is coated onto a suitable carrier material 300 and 500 μm, and dried at a temperature of 55-80° C.

TABLE 2 18% Labrafil ® tadalafil oral film formulation Th % Th % Weight Ingredient dry wet (g) Tadalafil 10.14 2.9 0.29 Solvent — 71.4 7.14 Sucralose 0.7 0.2 0.02 Menthol 1.05 0.3 0.03 Magnasweet 0.7 0.2 0.02 PVP 40.21 11.5 1.15 Labrafil M1944CS 18.53 5.3 0.53 Klucel LF (HPC) 10.14 2.9 0.29 PEG 16.08 4.6 0.46 Klucel GXF 2.45 0.7 0.07 Total dry 100.0 Total wet 100.0 10

To 7.14 g of solvent, oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (Labrafil®) 0.53 g, sucralose 0.02 g, menthol 0.03 g, magnasweet 0.02 g and PEG 0.46 g are added and mixed until all ingredients are solubilized. About 0.29 g of a pharmaceutically active ingredient is added to the solubilized materials. To the resulting solution, the polymers HPC LF 0.29 g and GXF 0.07 g are added to the mixture and mix for 4 hours. The solution is coated onto a suitable carrier material 300 and 500 μm, and dried at a temperature of 55-80° C.

FIG. 1 illustrates the tadalafil dissolution profiles for film A and B of Example 9 compared with the same formulation without the presence of oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (Labrafil® M1944CS) in 1000 mL 0.5% SLS at 50 rpm.

Conclusions and Further Comments Based on Example 9

It will be apparent that the use of oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (Labrafil® M1944CS) in accordance with the present disclosure substantially increases the in vitro dissolution of the active ingredients from formulations containing tadalafil without the presence of oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (Labrafil® M1944CS).

This combination of oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (Labrafil® M1944CS) and tadalafil enhance the rate of dissolution of the drugs, thus to mitigate an important problem encountered when preparing a tadalafil oral film which is the poor solubility of tadalafil. Formulation of film B which comprise oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (Labrafil® M1944CS) at about 18% w/w has a greater effect enhancing dissolution compared with the formulation of Film B which contains 7% w/w of oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (Labrafil® M1944CS).

Table 3 summarizes dissolution data for formulation examples containing 7% oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (Labrafil® M1944CS) (A), and 18% oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (Labrafil® M1944CS) (B) that demonstrate the current disclosure in 1000 mL 0.5% SLS in USP apparatus 2 over mesh at 50 rpm and 37° C.

TABLE 3 Dissolution profiles for formulations of Film A and B Time 18% 7% 0% 0 0 0 0 2.5 69.28133 2.724536 2.594049 5 87.74922 6.209899 7.048086 7.5 93.01721 12.16075 12.70311 10 93.57565 25.02709 16.44859 15 97.34895 53.39706 20.30721 20 99.68135 70.36214 23.23584 30 101.494 94.93856 26.79306 45 102.0215 98.05395 30.44285 110 101.694 98.52261 36.68183

Accordingly, the weight ratio of tadalafil and oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (Labrafil®) for the present oral dosage form should be from about 2:1 to about 1:2, preferably about 1:1.8.

Modifications of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art and to those who make or use the invention. Therefore, it is understood that the embodiment(s) shown and described above are merely for illustrative purposes and not intended to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the following claims as interpreted according to the principles of patent law, including the doctrine of equivalents. 

We claim:
 1. An oral film dosage form comprising: at least one active pharmaceutical in the form of particles; and a polymer film matrix in which the active pharmaceutical particles are dispersed, the polymer film matrix including (a) at least one crystallization inhibitor selected from polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide and poloxamer in an amount that inhibits growth and agglomeration of the active pharmaceutical particles, (b) from 15% to 19% by mass of the film dosage form of at least one substance that exists as a liquid at 37° C. and that enhances inhibition of growth and agglomeration of the active pharmaceutical particles; and (c) at least one plasticizer in an amount that is effective to increase flexibility of the film dosage faun.
 2. The dosage form of claim 1, wherein the substance that enhances inhibition of growth and agglomeration of the active pharmaceutical particles is a polyoxyethylated glyceride.
 3. The dosage form of claim 2, wherein the polyoxyethylated glyceride comprises at least one of oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides, linoleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides, and lauroyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides.
 4. The dosage form of claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is tadalafil.
 5. The dosage form of claim 1, in which the amount of the crystallization inhibitor is from about 25% to about 85% of the mass of the film dosage form.
 6. The dosage form of claim 1, wherein said plasticizer is selected from triethyl, tributyl, acetyl tributyl, acetyl triethyl, trioctyl, acetyl trioctyl, trihexyl citrate, dibutyl sebacate, triacetine, or derivatives thereof.
 7. The dosage form of claim 1, wherein said composition further comprises at least one penetration enhancer selected from benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, cyclodextrins, dextran sulfate, lauric acid/propylene glycol, menthol, oleic acid, oleic acid derivatives, polyoxyethylene, polysorbates, sodium EDTA, sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium salicylate.
 8. An oral film dosage form comprising: at least one tadalafil in the form of particles; and a polymer film matrix in which the tadalafil particles are dispersed, the polymer film matrix including (a) at least one crystallization inhibitor selected from polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide and poloxamer in an amount that inhibits growth and agglomeration of the tadalafil particles, (b) from 15% to 19% by mass of the film dosage form of at least one substance that exists as a liquid at 37° C. and that enhances inhibition of growth and agglomeration of the tadalafil particles; and (c) at least one plasticizer in an amount that is effective to increase flexibility of the film dosage form.
 9. The dosage form of claim 8, wherein said plasticizer is selected from triethyl, tributyl, acetyl tributyl, acetyl triethyl, trioctyl, acetyl trioctyl, trihexyl citrate, dibutyl sebacate, triacetine, or derivatives thereof.
 10. The dosage form of claim 8, wherein said composition further comprises at least one penetration enhancer selected from benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, cyclodextrins, dextran sulfate, lauric acid/propylene glycol, menthol, oleic acid, oleic acid derivatives, polyoxyethylene, polysorbates, sodium EDTA, sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium salicylate.
 11. The dosage form of claim 8, wherein the substance that enhances inhibition of growth and agglomeration of the active pharmaceutical particles is a polyoxyethylated glyceride.
 12. The dosage form of claim 8, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is tadalafil.
 13. The dosage form of claim 8, in which the amount of the crystallization inhibitor is from about 25% to about 85% of the mass of the film dosage form.
 14. The dosage form of claim 8, in which the amount of the plasticizer is from about 2% to about 25% of the mass of the film dosage form.
 15. An oral film dosage form comprising: at least one active pharmaceutical in the form of particles; and a polymer film matrix in which the active pharmaceutical particles are dispersed, the polymer film matrix including (a) at least one polymer that inhibits growth and agglomeration of the active pharmaceutical particles, (b) from 15% to 19% by mass of the film dosage form of at least one substance that exists as a liquid at 37° C. and that enhances inhibition of growth and agglomeration of the active pharmaceutical particles; and (c) at least one plasticizer in an amount that is effective to increase flexibility of the film dosage form.
 16. The dosage form of claim 15, wherein said plasticizer is selected from triethyl, tributyl, acetyl tributyl, acetyl triethyl, trioctyl, acetyl trioctyl, trihexyl citrate, dibutyl sebacate, triacetine, or derivatives thereof.
 17. The dosage form of claim 15, wherein said composition further comprises at least one penetration enhancer selected from benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, cyclodextrins, dextran sulfate, lauric acid/propylene glycol, menthol, oleic acid, oleic acid derivatives, polyoxyethylene, polysorbates, sodium EDTA, sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium salicylate.
 18. The dosage form of claim 15, wherein the substance that enhances inhibition of growth and agglomeration of the active pharmaceutical particles is a polyoxyethylated glyceride.
 19. The dosage form of claim 15, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is tadalafil.
 20. The dosage form of claim 15, in which the amount of the crystallization inhibitor is from about 25% to about 85% of the mass of the film dosage form. 